The Role of Dogs in Human History: From Ancient Civilisations to Modern Times

Marek Drzewiecki
Dec 15, 2025
5 min read

Dogs have walked alongside humans for tens of thousands of years, evolving from wild wolves into the incredible variety of breeds we see today. They have served as hunters, protectors, workers, companions, and even healers.

a medieval hunting scene featuring a Greyhound, a breed that existed in medieval times

This journey from ancient partnerships to modern pet companionship is not only fascinating but also a testament to the enduring bond between humans and dogs. In this updated post, we’ll explore how different dog breeds were intentionally developed to meet specific human needs and how those roles continue to shape our lives.

1. Dogs in Ancient Civilisations

The domestication of dogs is estimated to have occurred between 15,000–20,000 years ago, making them the first animal humans tamed. Early humans discovered that wolves who lingered near campsites could be helpful — warning of danger, cleaning scraps, and eventually joining in hunts. Over generations, these wolves became domesticated dogs.

In ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt (3100–539 BCE), dogs were not only companions but sacred animals. In Egypt, breeds resembling Salukis were revered for their speed and elegance and used for hunting. Basenjis, known for their silent nature and agility, were likely used in African hunting practices, and their lineage can be traced back to the Nile Valley.

In art, hieroglyphs, and mythological texts such as the Epic of Gilgamesh, dogs appear as protectors and spiritual companions. Dogs were buried alongside humans, and in some cases, mummified — a sign of their deep value in society.

2. Dogs in the Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages (5th to 15th century), dogs became more specialised. Human life was heavily influenced by hunting, farming, and protection — all roles where dogs excelled.

Different breeds began to emerge, each crafted for specific tasks.

Greyhounds were bred for their speed to chase game in open fields.
Mastiffs were developed to guard castles and estates and even fight in battles.
Beagles were created for tracking rabbits and hares thanks to their incredible noses and endurance.
Irish Wolfhounds, one of the tallest breeds, were used to hunt wolves and large game in Ireland.

Dogs were also used to protect property and livestock. The Rottweiler, originally bred by Roman drovers and later developed in Germany, was key in guarding and herding cattle. Loyalty and bravery were major values in medieval society, and dogs came to symbolise these traits, often appearing in paintings and family crests.

3. Renaissance and Enlightenment: Companions and Curiosity

As Europe moved into the Renaissance (14th to 17th century) and Enlightenment (18th century), the role of dogs began to shift. While still used in working capacities, many breeds were developed for companionship and aesthetics, reflecting the rise of the elite class and a deeper interest in nature and science.

Cocker Spaniels and Springer Spaniels were bred to flush game birds, a task requiring intelligence and agility. These spaniels often appear in paintings, symbolising gentility and domestic harmony.

The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel rose to popularity in royal courts, particularly in England, as a lapdog symbolising wealth and grace. Meanwhile, breeds like the Great Dane (used for hunting wild boar) continued to be used by nobles for sport.

Breeding became more deliberate: dogs were now being selected for specific traits like size, coat texture, and temperament. This era laid the groundwork for the breed standards we have today.

4. Industrial Revolution and Modern Utility

With industrialisation came new roles for dogs. Urbanisation increased the demand for dogs that could offer both companionship and functionality.

Dogs became essential to police, military, and working-class life.

German Shepherds were developed in the late 19th century in Germany to herd sheep and later became the go-to breed for police and military due to their intelligence and loyalty.
Labrador Retrievers and Golden Retrievers were bred for hunting waterfowl, valued for their soft mouths, patience, and ability to work in cold water.
The Doberman Pinscher was designed by a German tax collector to be a personal protection dog: alert, loyal, and fearless.
Newfoundlands were bred in Canada to haul fishing nets and perform heroic water rescues.
Saint Bernards, developed by monks in the Alps, became legendary for rescuing travellers in snowstorms.

These dogs were not just workers; they became heroes in real-world situations. Even today, their descendants carry on this legacy in various service roles.

5. Dogs in Contemporary Society

In today’s world, dogs are more diverse in role than ever before. While many dogs are cherished as pets, others still serve in jobs they were originally bred for.

Border Collies continue to dominate in herding competitions and sheep farms due to their unmatched intelligence.
Australian Cattle Dogs are still essential on ranches, known for their grit and independence.
Belgian Malinois serve in elite military and police units worldwide due to their drive and speed.
Alaskan Malamutes and Samoyeds remain popular in colder climates for sledding and endurance work.

On the other hand, toy breeds like the Pekingese and Shih Tzu are beloved for their companionship, loyalty, and ancient royal lineage. Whippets, once hunters of small game, are now popular as gentle, quiet house pets.

With this diversity comes an increased responsibility for dog owners to meet their dogs’ needs. A Basset Hound will follow its nose — and ignore you. A Dachshund, bred to hunt badgers underground, needs stimulation and confidence training to avoid becoming stubborn or anxious.

Actionable Tip:

Want to understand your dog better? Research their breed’s origin — it will explain so much about their behaviour. For example:

A Retriever needs to fetch.
A Spaniel needs to sniff and explore.
A Herding dog like a Collie may try to herd children or other dogs if under-stimulated.

Enrich their lives by tapping into what they were bred to do.

The Future of the Human-Dog Relationship

With technological advances, dogs' roles are still evolving. From smart collars to AI-driven training apps, we're finding new ways to understand and care for our dogs. Yet at the core, one thing remains unchanged: dogs give us loyalty, love, and partnership.

We must continue to advocate for their wellbeing — whether that means fighting unethical breeding practices, supporting rescue shelters, or simply providing proper care and stimulation based on breed needs.

Conclusion

From the fields of Mesopotamia to modern urban apartments, dogs have adapted to every chapter of human history. Each breed tells a story — of purpose, partnership, and passion. By understanding these stories, we not only honour their past but also create better lives for them in the present.